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  Researchers have found the first evidence of live dogs being traded in the Americas - and they were exchanged over
  distances of more than 100 miles (160km).
  
  The Maya were trading live dogs in 400BC from Ceibal in Guatemala,
  which is one of the earliest ceremonial sites from the
  Mesoamerican civilisation, researchers found.
  
  The bones were largely found in the ceremonial centre meaning the animals were
  probably owned by someone important or could have even been a prestigious gift.
  
  
  These traded dogs - which were probably slightly bigger than chihuahuas - were older
  than dogs for eating and were thought to be treated better too.
  
  
  They would have been used for 'showing off' by elites as something exotic and would have been used in animal and human sacrifices, scientists say. 
  
  Scroll down for video
  
  
  
  
  The Maya were trading live dogs in 400BC from Ceibal in Guatemala, which is one of the earliest ceremonial sites from the
  Mesoamerican civilisation, researchers found. Researchers used isotope analysis on bones (pictured) from Maya sites to understand where animals lived and what they ate
  
  Researchers found that animal trade and management began in the Preclassic Period some 2,500 years ago.
  
  
  Most of the bones and teeth they tested were from the Maya
  Middle Preclassic period (700-350 BC) and from 400 BC it seems
  some of these animals were exchanged.
  
  Previously the earliest evidence of live trading
  dogs was found in the Caribbean in around 1000AD. 
  
  'I definitely think dogs were moving before 400 BC, although dog trade probably didn't
  happen until after people became sedentary and had set settlements to trade between',  Ashley Sharpe, an archaeologist at
  the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama
  who led the research told MailOnline. 
  
  'In Asia, Africa and Europe, animal management went hand-in-hand with the development of cities,
  ' she said.
  
  
  
  
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  However, in the Americas people may have raised animals for ceremonial
  purposes.   
  
  Researchers believe the dogs had short legs and smaller heads than most
  medium-sized breeds today.
  
  'Most of the dogs were likely eaten and seem to
  have died at less than a year old, because their bones
  are not always fused as they would be as adults', she said.
  
  
  
  'The traded dogs might have been treated better, or at
  least were fully grown.'
  
  Researchers made the discovery by looking at carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium isotopes.
  
  
  
  Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons
  but different numbers of neutrons. This means they have different physical properties.
  
  
  For example, carbon has two stable isotopes: carbon 12 with six
  protons and six neutrons and carbon 13 with six protons and
  seven neutrons.
  
  
  
  
  Researchers analysed animal remains in Ceibal,
  Guatemala (pictured), a Maya site with one of the longest histories of continuous occupation and
  one of the earliest ceremonial sites
  
  
  
  
  
  Most of the bones and teeth they tested were from the Maya Middle
  Preclassic period (700-350 BC). Dog bones were found at the lowest levels of
  two pits (pictured), each within a pyramid at the Ceibal, Guatemala
  site
  
  Carbon in animals' bodies comes from the plant tissues
  they consume directly or indirectly.
  
  Most plants use the most common type of photosynthesis to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
  This process leaves mostly the lighter carbon isotope, carbon 12,
  behind, bound up in carbohydrate molecules.
  
  Corn, sugar cane and other grasses use another type of photosynthesis that concentrates heavier, carbon 13 molecules.
  
  
  By looking at these isotopes, researchers could work out what they ate. 
  
  The animals fell into two categories - those with lower carbon isotopes were mainly eating wild plants while those with higher
  isotopes were probably eating corn. 
  
  
  
  
  Because people in the region often killed animals that came into gardens
  and areas where crops were being cultivated, it is possible that peccaries and turkeys may also have been eating crop plants.
  Researchers found the bones in the Ceibal site
  
  All of the dogs, two northern turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo, the turkey
  species that was eventually domesticated, and one of two large cats were probably eating corn, which suggests they were domesticated.  
  
  Because people in the region often killed animals that came into gardens and areas
  where crops were being cultivated, it is possible that peccaries
  and turkeys also ate crop plants.
  
  However, it is likely that turkeys were managed by the end
  of the Classic Period.
  
  Deer bones showed butcher marks but they were hunted from the forest not domesticated, according to isotope analysis of
  bones.
  
  One large cat and a smaller cat, probably a margay, Leopardus
  wiedii, had lower carbon isotopes indicating that they ate animals that
  fed on wild plants.
  
  The ratio of two strontium isotopes reflects the local geology
  in a region. 
  
  Forty-four of the 46 animals had strontium isotope ratios matching Ceibal
  and the surrounding southern lowlands region.
  
  
  
  
  Dogs were associated with the deity Xolotl, the god of death.
  The roundness of this body (pictured) might suggest its value as
  food for the posthumous soul
  
  
  
  
  
  Pictured is a Postclassic Maya vessel or incense burner
  in the form of a dog. Deer bones showed butcher marks but they were hunted from the forest not domesticated, according to isotope
  analysis of bones that also had lower carbon isotopes
  
  However, to Dr Sharpe's surprise, jaw bones from two dogs excavated from deep pits at the heart of the ancient ceremonial complex had strontium isotope ratios
  matching drier, mountainous regions near present-day Guatemala City.
  
  
  'This is the first evidence from the Americas of dogs being
  moved around the landscape,' Dr Sharpe said.
  
  'The non-local dogs were found in pyramids at the centre
  of the site, so they may have belonged to someone important
  who came from far away, or were gifts', Dr Sharpe
  said.
  
  'We have no clear evidence they were sacrificed,
  but perhaps they were valued as "shown off" purposes by
  the early elites as something exotic and special.'
  
  Part of the jaw bone and teeth of a big cat was found with one of the dogs in the same
  deposit.
  
  'The interesting thing is that this big cat was local,
  but possibly not wild,' Dr Sharpe said.
  
  'Based on its tooth enamel, it had been eating
  a diet similar to that of the dogs since it was very young.'
  
  Researchers have not yet worked out if it was a jaguar or a puma.
  It was captured and raised in captivity, and may have lived
  near villages and eaten animals that were feeding on corn.
  
  'It's interesting to consider whether humans may have had a
  greater impact managing and manipulating animal species in ancient Mesoamerica than has been believed,
  ' Dr Sharpe said.
  
  'Studies like this one are beginning to show that animals
  played a key role in ceremonies and demonstrations of power, which perhaps drove
  animal-rearing and trade.'   
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